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Photographs of Chengdu Taikoo Li under aerial night scenes. Pink ink, Qi Xiang Yun, magpie illustration, art word. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. Log In Sign Up. Unfollow Follow Unblock. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the relationship between democracy and liberalization of international trade.

A number of well-known works in international political economy have argued that democracy promotes trade A number of well-known works in international political economy have argued that democracy promotes trade liberalization. However, these previous studies have taken trade policy as a whole and largely ignored the sub-dimensions of trade policy. In this paper, we disaggregate trade policy into tariff barrier, trade facilitation and trade openness and argue that democracy reduces trade barrier, promotes trade facilitation but does not necessarily make the economy more dependent on trade.

We test our hypotheses using a panel of about developed and developing countries from to and estimate four equations to obtain four different estimators for each dependent variable of interest. Specifically, we investigate the effects of democracy on tariff barrier, trade facilitation and trade openness using pooled OLS, fixed effect FE , instrumental variable IV and system general method of moments GMM estimators. Overall, our hypotheses receive good empirical support.

With other confounding factors being controlled for, democracy is negatively associated with tariff rate, positively associated with the Logistics Performance Index, but there is no evidence that democracy increases a country's trade openness. International Trade and International Political Economy. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications.

Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology. Cancer Letters. Physical Review Letters. Water Resources Management. Journal of Nuclear Materials. Journal of Electronic Materials. Applied Mathematical Modelling. Materials Science Forum. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker.

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